The Yakama Nation Fisheries Resource Management Program is using a three-pronged approach to restore watershed health and aid recovery of salmonids and culturally significant fish species in Rock Creek, a 223-square-mile subbasin tributary to the Columbia River upstream of John Day Dam.  First, assessment of the current fish use, water quality/quantity, and habitat conditions to determine areas of high steelhead productivity and survival, and the primary limiting habitat factors.  Second, creation of a list of prioritized actions to protect, restore, and enhance stream reaches.  Third, conduct restoration actions to address restoration priorities, and monitor the effectiveness of restoration activities.

The overall goal of this project is to improve habitat conditions of salmonids listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the Rock Creek subbasin to an extent of supporting sustainable populations.  The Middle Columbia River Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Distinct Population Segment (DPS) was identified and listed as threatened on January 5, 2006 (71 FR 834).  NOAA identified Rock Creek as Critical Habitat for the Middle Columbia Steelhead DPS (NOAA 2005).  The Rock Creek subbasin has been identified as a watershed with high steelhead production potential (as evidenced by spawner surveys) but with significant habitat limitations (low flow; high stream temperatures; and riparian, channel and floodplain degradation).  

This project originated as a Research Monitoring and Evaluation (RM&E) project and is still in the transitioning phase towards an on-the-ground habitat project.  The Rock Creek Fish and Habitat and Assessment project was initiated in December 2007 as primarily a RM&E Project with limited habitat restoration objectives.  Since 2007, habitat, water quality, water temperature, adult distribution and abundance, juvenile fish population and abundance, steelhead genetic collection, fish pathogen, and PIT-tag interrogation information has been compiled and used to identify key reaches and habitats (e.g. pool refugia) for future restoration or enhancement.   A Rock Creek Fish and Habitat Assessment for Prioritization of Restoration and Protection Actions report (June 1, 2008 – May 31, 2013) was submitted to BPA along with a Fluvial Reconnaissance with Observations on Geomorphology and Suitability for Anadromous Salmonid Habitat Actions Rock Creek, Klickitat County (December 10, 2014).  

Results of the previous fish work, along with recently completed habitat assessments, have pointed to the need for additional fish sampling to determine if presence/abundance of Snake River fish persists most years, and what levels of production are occurring in Rock Creek - recent PIT tag data suggest there are some locally produced (albeit likely still genetically Snake River) steelhead returning.  Recommendations from the geomorphic assessment include applying best management practices (BMP’s) in the subbasin, such as allowing beaver activities to expand without disturbance in the watershed and managing livestock in ways to improve native riparian plant composition, density and abundance.  Other recommendations include increasing habitat complexity (small wood jam or boulder placements) in perennial pools that would in turn increase the carrying capacity of age-0 and age-1 fish.  Prior to improving habitat complexity in perennial pools there needs to be continuous low flow habitat documentation in the subbasin.  During this 2017 – 2018 contract year, we plan to identify sites for increasing habitat complexity in the subbasin by using habitat surveys, juvenile population surveys, geomorphic assessment and LiDAR flir flights.  

Additional time is needed for monitoring fish PIT-tagged as juveniles to return and be detected as adults to understand the complete life cycle.  A clear understanding of where steelhead utilize Rock Creek (hold, spawn, rear) and an understanding of which life history strategies are successful, is fundamental to implementing meaningful restoration strategies.  During this contract year salmonid spawner surveys, water quality, water temperature, juvenile population and abundance surveys, low-flow habitat mapping, PIT-tagging and interrogation will continue to be monitored in the watershed.  An additional RM&E work element that will be included in this SOW is the ‘Piscivorous fish survey and documentation in the lower Rock Creek inundated pool.’  There is limited to no data available on the existing fish assemblages in the lower Rock Creek inundated pool.  This data will assist in determining benefits of future habitat improvement efforts in the watershed.  Boat electrofishing surveys will be conducted in the Rock Creek inundated pool two times in the summer and fall seasons to document the fish species assemblage and abundance (winter and spring seasons will be excluded when adult coho and steelhead migrate through the inundated pool).  There is now a 5 year NOAA Fisheries Section 10 permit in place to conduct the fish sampling on O. mykiss in the watershed.  

The bridgelip sucker (Catostomus columbianus) was historically abundant throughout the subbasin and is a culturally significant fish species to the Yakama Nation.  In the last decade, it has been observed by the Tribal members that suckers are less abundant for ceremonial and subsistence harvest.  Bridgelip suckers are a culturally significant species of concern.  In previous contract years, we documented the distribution of bridgelip suckers during our juvenile salmonid abundance and population surveys.  During this contract year we would like to continue studying their life history during the juvenile population and abundance surveys.  

Invasive weed control will be conducted at previous riparian enhancement sites and at the 2015- 2016 blackberry removal sites. The primary target weed types include non-native thistles, knap weed, star thistle and blackberry bushes.  Weed removal will involve mechanical, hand, and organic application treatments.  Two outcrops of invasive blackberry brush sites in the riparian corridor will be removed and revegetated with native species.  Native trees, shrubs, and grass will be planted in the blackberry removal sites to reduce other non-native species to reestablish at those sites.  

A co-authored manuscript covering the scientific findings of Rock Creek subbasin steelhead genetic evaluation was written and submitted to a peer-reviewed journal (Ecology and Evolution) during the previous contract year.  Ecology and Evolution reviewed and accepted the manuscript and is working on the process of getting the manuscript published during this contract (2017 - 2018).  

Topographic data via LiDAR for at least a 10 mile reach of the Quartz Creek valley bottom (between RM 0 -10).  Aerial photography will be collected concurrently.

Efforts have begun to conduct riparian plantings and to assess headwater forested areas and their role in the watershed hydrology of the basin.  Headwater reconnaissance will be conducted including identification of meadow restoration opportunities in this contract year on the newly Washington State Department Fish and Wildlife purchased properties.